| Author/Year | Type of DNA damage | Model | Donor tissue/ Cell types | DNA Damage Assay | DNA damage | Main pathway related to DNA damage |
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| Mechanical |
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| Feng, 2018 [18] | Cyclic mechanical tension (CMT) | in vitro | Rat NP cells | BrdU Incorporation and γ-H2A.X | Positive | p53-p21-retinoblastoma protein (Rb) |
| Feng, 2017 [19] | High oxygen tension (20% O2) | in vitro | Rat NP cells | BrdU Incorporation and γ-H2A.X | Positive | p53-p21-retinoblastoma protein (Rb) P16-retinoblastoma protein (Rb) |
| Nasto, 2013 [22] | Ionization Radiation (IR) | In vitro | Rat NP and AF cells | PicoGreen assay | Positive | ROS production Direct physical effect |
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| Chemical |
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| Feng, 2017 [20] | N-acetylated proline-glycine- proline (N-Ac-PGP) | In vitro | Rat NP cells | BrdU Incorporation and γ-H2A.X | Positive | p53-p21-Rb and p16-Rb |
| Dimozi, 2015 [17] | Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) | In vitro | Human NP cells | BrdU Incorporation γ-H2A.X | Positive | p53-p21-Rb |
| Nasto, 2014 [21] | Tobacco smoke | In vitro | Rat NP cells | PicoGreen assay | Positive | Direct effect |
| Nasto, 2013 [22] | Mechlorethamine (MEC) | In vitro | Rat NP and AF cells | PicoGreen assay | Positive | Lack of ERCC1 endonuclease |
| Zhou, 2013 [23] | Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) | In vitro | Rat NP cells | Comet assay | Positive | INK4A-ARF pathway |