Variables

Model

(1)

Model

(2)

Model

(3)

Model

(4)

Model

(5)

Producer driven

mode

Buyer driven

mode

Vertical specialization

Production

non-integration

GVC Evolution

lntech

1.088**

(2.50)

1.229**

(2.39)

lnhum

1.137**

(2.76)

1.886**

(2.88)

lnmp

1.720***

(3.25)

1.782***

(3.57)

lnvs

0.177*

(1.81)

0.365*

(1.68)

lngvo

0.717**

(2.09)

0.776**

(2.52)

lncost

−0.458***

(−3.09)

−0.534**

(−2.67)

−3.770***

(−5.66)

−3.814***

(−5.69)

−2.932**

(−2.46)

lninfra

0.132

(1.31)

0.538***

(4.81)

0.186*

(1.73)

0.180*

(1.67)

0.198**

(2.48)

lnopen

0.178***

(4.09)

0.162**

(2.31)

0.978***

(6.34)

0.967***

( 6.26 )

0.682***

(6.68)

lnid

−0.065*

(−1.33)

−0.063*

(−1.53)

−0.007*

(−1.76)

−0.003*

(−1.77)

−0.108*

(−1.94)

_Cons

6.608**

(2.48)

−8.943***

(−5.07)

31.944***

(4.59)

32.313***

(4.65)

38.776***

(5.67)

Industryfixed effect

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

Time fixed effect

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

Country fixed effect

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

Wald test

Prob > chi2

= 0.0000

Prob > chi2

= 0.0000

Prob > chi2

= 0.0000

Prob > chi2

= 0.0000

Prob > chi2

= 0.0000

Wooldridge test

Prob > F

= 0.0000

Prob > F

= 0.0000

Prob > F

= 0.0000

Prob > F

= 0.0000

Prob > F

= 0.0000

Pesaran test

Pr = 0.0000

Pr = 0.0000

Pr = 0.0000

Pr = 0.0000

Pr = 0.0000