Capital intensity

S1

Fixed assets/employees

Renewed fixed assets

S2

Net fixed assets/original value of fixed assets

Period cost input

S3

Management fee/operating income

Corporate financial leverage

S4

(Short-term loans + long-term loans + bonds payable)/net assets

Corporate strategic deviance

SD2

S1-S4 are summed after industry standardization respectively, then absolute value is calculated, and finally averaged