ELWOOD STUDY

Control

Red-Rubber Catheter

Number of patients

51

52

Time to intubate trachea, (s)

59

74

Incidence of bleeding

29.4%

9.6%

Both nares entered

18%

2%

WATT STUDY

Control

Red-Rubber Catheter

Number of patients

43

39

Time to intubate trachea, (s)

34

46

Incidence of bleeding

56%

5%

Incidence of no bleeding

21%

59%