| ELWOOD STUDY | Control | Red-Rubber Catheter |
| Number of patients | 51 | 52 |
| Time to intubate trachea, (s) | 59 | 74 |
| Incidence of bleeding | 29.4% | 9.6% |
| Both nares entered | 18% | 2% |
| WATT STUDY | Control | Red-Rubber Catheter |
| Number of patients | 43 | 39 |
| Time to intubate trachea, (s) | 34 | 46 |
| Incidence of bleeding | 56% | 5% |
| Incidence of no bleeding | 21% | 59% |