Author Date | Evidence Type | Sample Size | Study Purpose | Evidence Level |
Elwood, T. et al., 2002 | Randomized Control Trial (RCT) | 98 | Patients intubated with the red-rubber catheter method were associated with a significant reduction in obvious bleeding | IIa |
Lim, C. W. et al., 2014 | RCT | 60 | To evaluate the use of a nasogastric tube as a guide to facilitate intubation compared with the conventional technique (blind insertion into the nasal cavity) | IIa |
Watt, S. et al., 2007 | RCT | 120 | Comparison of the severity of epistaxis after nasotracheal intubation in children with tubes at room temperature, warm tubes, and tubes telescoped into catheters | IIa |
Enk, D. et al., 2002 | RCT | 60 | Wendl tube (nasopharyn-geal airway) acting as a soft and flexible “pathfinder” for the rigid endotracheal tube was associated with decreased bleeding and tube contamination | IIa |
El-Seify, Z.A. et al., 2010 | RCT | 104 | To investigate the efficacy and safety of topical vasoconstrictors and lubricants in reducing incidence of epistaxis during NTI intr- and postoperatively | IIa |
Seo, K.S. et al., 2007 | RCT | 200 | To assess whether obturation of a conventional Murphey-tipped ETT with an inflated stethoscope reduces epistaxis and enhances navigability through nasal cavity compared to thermo-softening | IIa |
O’Connell, J.E. et al., 1996 | Nonrandomized control study | 100 | To identify site and extent of anatomical injury post nasal intubation using traditional NTI methods | IIb |
Abrons, O. et al., 2016 | Case Series | N/A | To report on a series of cases in which an endotracheal tube introducer (bougie) was utilized to facilitate NTI | V |
Delgado, A.V. &Sanders, J.C., 2004 | Case Report | N/A | To present a case in which a red-rubber catheter technique was utilized to reduce trauma during NTI in a patient with Factor IX deficiency | VI |
Wong, A. et al., 2011 | Case Report | N/A | To describe a case in which a minimally invasive technique in which a red-rubber catheter is utilized to facilitate NTI and reduce trauma and bleeding to nasopharynx structures | VI |
Hall, C.E & Shutt, L.E., 2003 | Expert Opinion | N/A | To provide an overview of anatomy together with current indications and contraindications for NTI | VII |
Prasanna, D. & Bhat, S., 2014 | Expert Opinion | N/A | To provide overview of anatomy and methods for patient evaluation for NTI. Discuss preparation as well as insertion techniques, risks, and complications | VII |
Chauhan, V. & Acharya, G., 2013 | Expert Opinion | N/A | To provide basics of NTI and advances in the techniques for achieving NTI in addition to reviewing anatomy | VII |