Author Date

Evidence Type

Sample Size

Study Purpose

Evidence Level

Elwood, T.

et al., 2002

Randomized

Control Trial

(RCT)

98

Patients intubated with the red-rubber catheter method were associated with a significant reduction in obvious bleeding

IIa

Lim, C. W.

et al., 2014

RCT

60

To evaluate the use of a nasogastric tube as a guide to facilitate intubation

compared with the conventional technique (blind insertion into the nasal cavity)

IIa

Watt, S.

et al., 2007

RCT

120

Comparison of the severity of epistaxis after nasotracheal intubation in children with tubes at room temperature, warm tubes, and tubes telescoped into catheters

IIa

Enk, D.

et al., 2002

RCT

60

Wendl tube (nasopharyn-geal airway) acting as a soft and flexible “pathfinder” for the rigid endotracheal tube was associated with decreased bleeding and tube contamination

IIa

El-Seify, Z.A.

et al., 2010

RCT

104

To investigate the efficacy and safety of topical vasoconstrictors and lubricants in reducing incidence of epistaxis during NTI intr- and postoperatively

IIa

Seo, K.S.

et al., 2007

RCT

200

To assess whether obturation of a conventional Murphey-tipped ETT with an inflated stethoscope reduces epistaxis and enhances navigability through nasal cavity compared to thermo-softening

IIa

O’Connell, J.E.

et al., 1996

Nonrandomized control study

100

To identify site and extent of anatomical injury post nasal intubation using traditional NTI methods

IIb

Abrons, O.

et al., 2016

Case Series

N/A

To report on a series of cases in which an endotracheal tube introducer (bougie) was utilized to facilitate NTI

V

Delgado, A.V. &Sanders, J.C.,

2004

Case Report

N/A

To present a case in which a red-rubber catheter technique was utilized to reduce trauma during NTI in a patient with Factor IX deficiency

VI

Wong, A.

et al., 2011

Case Report

N/A

To describe a case in which a minimally invasive technique in which a red-rubber catheter is utilized to facilitate NTI and reduce trauma and bleeding to nasopharynx structures

VI

Hall, C.E & Shutt, L.E., 2003

Expert Opinion

N/A

To provide an overview of anatomy together with current indications and contraindications for NTI

VII

Prasanna, D. & Bhat, S., 2014

Expert Opinion

N/A

To provide overview of anatomy and methods for patient evaluation for NTI. Discuss preparation as well as insertion techniques, risks, and complications

VII

Chauhan, V. & Acharya, G., 2013

Expert Opinion

N/A

To provide basics of NTI and advances in the techniques for achieving NTI in addition to reviewing anatomy

VII