| Indirect | coeff | SE | LLCI | ULCI |
| Challenge stressors (Empowering leadership → Citizenship) | 0.257 | 0.528 | 0.292 | 0.501 |
| Hindrance stressors (Empowering leadership → Incivility) | 0.336 | 0.446 | 0.238 | 0.411 |