(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

A/national core sample

B/Shanghai

C/Floating population area

Language achievement

a1/Native

a2/Outsiders

b1/Native

b2/Outsiders

c1/Native

c2/Outsiders

Communication frequency

−0.549**

0.420

0.313

0.292

0.291

−1.031*

(0.192)

(0.510)

(0.651)

(1.144)

(0.254)

(0.437)

Relationship evaluation

1.076***

0.708

0.824

1.267

1.314***

1.498***

(0.164)

(0.504)

(0.523)

(1.073)

(0.222)

(0.407)

Sample size

3933

382

367

117

1884

550

1) Students who only include groups of rural households

Communication frequency

−0.642**

0.598

−2.802

1.618

0.702

−0.797

(0.246)

(0.751)

(3.836)

(2.547)

(0.475)

(0.551)

Relationship evaluation

0.909***

0.521

2.296

5.239

0.744

1.212*

(0.205)

(0.673)

(3.034)

(3.143)

(0.396)

(0.489)

Sample size

2598

217

28

37

548

340

2) Add control variables parent-child relationship variables (contact frequency and relationship evaluation)

Communication frequency

−0.542*

0.0692

0.651

−0.294

0.392

−1.148*

(0.211)

(0.563)

(0.674)

(1.356)

(0.271)

(0.493)

Relationship evaluation

0.843***

0.430

0.766

1.186

1.058***

1.643***

(0.178)

(0.550)

(0.542)

(1.146)

(0.242)

(0.442)

Sample size

3488

333

351

110

1746

491