(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

A/national core sample

B/Shanghai

C/Floating population area

Mathematical achievement

a1/Native

a2/Outsiders

b1/Native

b2/Outsiders

c1/Native

c2/Outsiders

Communication frequency

−0.593**

0.421

1.122

1.453

0.217

−0.552

(0.203)

(0.552)

(0.708)

(1.090)

(0.263)

(0.447)

Relationship evaluation

1.390***

0.119

0.306

0.449

1.329***

1.544***

(0.173)

(0.545)

(0.568)

(1.022)

(0.230)

(0.417)

Minority

0.183

−2.168

−6.202

−0.919

0.764

2.445

(0.565)

(2.013)

(5.590)

(3.553)

(1.125)

(1.571)

Male

−1.261***

0.208

1.356

0.196

−1.354**

0.176

(0.314)

(0.962)

(1.018)

(1.745)

(0.450)

(0.770)

Only child

0.194

−0.855

1.784

−1.745

1.163*

−1.426

(0.369)

(1.140)

(1.546)

(1.865)

(0.519)

(0.856)

Mother education level

0.474***

0.291

−0.162

−0.115

0.0933

−0.0573

(0.121)

(0.371)

(0.315)

(0.508)

(0.148)

(0.273)

Father education level

0.292*

0.787*

0.853*

0.572

0.788***

0.0972

(0.114)

(0.367)

(0.331)

(0.575)

(0.142)

(0.263)

Family economic conditions

0.305

0.420

−0.210

2.350

0.360

−0.822

(0.305)

(1.022)

(1.103)

(1.764)

(0.456)

(0.938)

School rankings

−0.425

−1.580*

−0.0170

−1.350

−0.619*

−1.140*

(0.225)

(0.693)

(1.061)

(1.700)

(0.291)

(0.481)

Local student ratio

0.00950

−3.284

1.077

−4.461

−2.602

2.687

(1.811)

(2.904)

(3.532)

(8.334)

(1.919)

(2.306)

Average local years of education

−0.608***

−0.695

0.331

−3.000

−0.900***

0.156

(0.173)

(0.480)

(1.218)

(2.134)

(0.240)

(0.361)

C

74.10***

81.49***

60.39***

101.1***

78.42***

74.48***

(3.020)

(6.389)

(14.994)

(24.702)

(3.151)

(4.732)

Sample size

3933

382

367

117

1884

550

R2

0.036

0.041

0.057

0.098

0.060

0.048