Language achievement

70.38

71.31

70.32

71.87

70.22

71.34

(9.80)

(9.17)

(9.07)

(9.72)

(9.90)

(9.00)

Mathematical achievement

70.27

70.89

70.49

70.63

70.26

71.17

(9.89)

(9.30)

(9.67)

(8.82)

(9.92)

(9.02)

Communication frequency

−0.29

−0.10

0.39

0.43

0.43

0.22

(0.88)

(0.97)

(0.77)

(0.77)

(0.91)

(0.92)

Relationship evaluation

−0.05

−0.08

0.16

0.33

0.08

0.1

(0.94)

(0.93)

(0.95)

(0.87)

(1.01)

(0.93)

Minority#

0.09

0.06

0.01

0.06

0.04

0.07

(0.29)

(0.24)

(0.09)

(0.24)

(0.20)

(0.25)

Male#

0.48

0.51

0.49

0.44

0.48

0.48

(0.50)

(0.50)

(0.50)

(0.50)

(0.50)

(0.50)

Only child#

0.35

0.31

0.87

0.53

0.7

0.35

(0.48)

(0.46)

(0.33)

(0.50)

(0.46)

(0.48)

Mother education level

3.42

3.30

5.34

4.93

4.64

3.54

(1.74)

(1.68)

(2.06)

(2.30)

(2.13)

(1.82)

Father education level

3.78

3.73

5.57

5.22

4.96

4

(1.79)

(1.71)

(2.02)

(2.14)

(2.18)

(1.90)

Family economic conditions

2.87

2.95

3.2

3.27

3.11

3.08

(0.54)

(0.49)

(0.50)

(0.50)

(0.51)

(0.42)

School rankings

3.97

3.93

3.96

3.89

4.06

3.56

(0.75)

(0.77)

(0.50)

(0.54)

(0.93)

(0.98)

Local student ratio

0.93

0.76

0.68

0.61

0.78

0.62

(0.10)

(0.19)

(0.15)

(0.11)

(0.14)

(0.20)

Average local years of education

8.80

9.61

10.73

10.84

10.52

10.59

(1.15)

(1.14)

(0.47)

(0.42)

(1.07)

(1.17)

Sample size

3933

382

367

117

1884

550