Mean (Standard deviation)

Variables

Positive

attitudes

Anxiety/dependence

Negative attitudes

Preference for task switching

Mean (SD)

3.96 (0.59)

3.57 (0.90)

3.54 (0.82)

2.90 (0.72)

University

Private

3.98 (0.63)

3.53 (0.94)

3.42 (0.89)

2.77 (0.76)

Public

3.95 (0.57)

3.59 (0.88)

3.58 (0.78)

2.95 (0.70)

p-value

0.46

0.44

0.02

0.004

Gender

Male

4.02 (0.65)

3.54 (0.93)

3.37 (0.93)

2.88 (0.72)

Female

3.94 (0.56)

3.58 (0.89)

3.59 (0.76)

2.91 (0.73)

p-value

0.84

0.61

0.002

0.66

GPA

<1.99

3.82 (0.62)

3.59 (0.92)

3.56 (0.85)

2.92 (0.76)

2 - 2.99

4.00 (0.57)

3.61 (0.85)

3.51 (0.80)

2.88 (0.73)

≥3

3.96 (0.60)

3.57 (0.96)

3.53 (0.83)

2.90 (0.71)

p-value

0.30

0.85

0.84

0.95

Smoking

Yes

4.02 (0.63)

3.69 (0.96)

3.50 (0.85)

2.91 (0.68)

No

3.94 (0.57)

3.54 (0.88)

3.54 (0.81)

2.89 (0.74)

p-value

0.18

0.08

0.55

0.82

Physical activity

Yes

3.97 (0.58)

3.59 (0.87)

3.52 (0.82)

2.92 (0.73)

No

3.94 (0.59)

3.54 (0.94)

3.57 (0.81)

2.85 (0.72)

p-value

0.44

0.48

0.45

0.21

Insomnia

Yes

4.00 (0.57)

3.74 (0.89)

3.56 (0.81)

2.97 (0.66)

No

3.94 (0.59)

3.51 (0.90)

3.53 (0.82)

2.87 (0.74)

p-value

0.27

0.003

0.62

0.10