| Mean (Standard deviation) | |||||||||||
| Variables | E-mailing | Text messaging | Phone calling | Smartphone usage | TV viewing | Media sharing | Internet searching | Video gaming | General social media usage | Facebook friendships | Online friendships |
| Mean (SD) | 3.6 (2.0) | 7.5 (1.9) | 7.4 (2.0) | 5.8 (1.6) | 5.0 (2.1) | 3.1 (2.0) | 5.7 (2.4) | 3.5 (2.6) | 5.5 (1.9) | 6.1 (2.2) | 2.3 (1.5) |
| University |
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| Private | 4.9 (1.9) | 8 (1.8) | 7.8 (1.9) | 6.4 (1.7) | 5.1 (2.2) | 3.6 (2.3) | 6.1 (2.3) | 4.0 (2.7) | 5.6 (1.9) | 6.7 (2.0) | 2.5 (1.7) |
| Public | 3.1 (1.9)† | 7.3 (1.9)† | 7.2 (1.9)† | 5.5 (1.5)† | 5.0 (2.1) | 2.9 (1.9)† | 5.5 (2.4)‡ | 3.3 (2.6)† | 5.4 (1.8) | 5.9 (2.2)† | 2.2 (1.4) |
| Age |
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| 17 - 19 | 3.2 (1.9) | 7.6 (1.9) | 7.4 (2) | 5.8 (1.4) | 5.1 (2.2) | 2.9 (2.0) | 5.6 (2.4) | 3.5 (2.5) | 5.5 (1.9) | 6.0 (2.3) | 2.4 (1.6) |
| 20 - 29 | 3.9 (2.1) | 7.5 (1.9) | 7.3 (1.9) | 5.8 (1.7) | 5.0 (2.1) | 3.2 (2.0) | 5.8 (2.4) | 3.6 (2.7) | 5.4 (1.9) | 6.2 (2.1) | 2.3 (1.4) |
| ≥30 | 3.3 (1.4)† | 6.4 (2.0) | 7.7 (2.2) | 4.7 (1.4) | 3.5 (1.8)* | 2.3 (1.6)* | 4.3 (2.2) | 1.8 (1.3) | 4.6 (1.2) | 4.4 (2.4)* | 2.1 (1.4) |
| Gender |
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| Male | 4.6 (2.1) | 7.9 (1.7) | 7.9 (1.7) | 6.2 (1.6) | 4.9 (2.2) | 3.9 (2.2) | 6.2 (2.4) | 5.0 (2.7) | 5.5 (1.9) | 6.9 (2.1) | 2.6 (1.5) |
| Female | 3.3 (2.0)† | 7.4 (1.9)‡ | 7.2 (2.0)† | 5.6 (1.6)† | 5.0 (2.1) | 2.8 (1.9)† | 5.5 (2.4)† | 3.0 (2.4)† | 5.4 (1.9) | 5.8 (2.2)† | 2.2 (1.5)‡ |
| Living with parents |
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| Yes | 3.6 (2.1) | 7.5 (1.87) | 7.3 (2.0) | 5.7 (1.6) | 5.0 (2.0) | 3.0 (2.0) | 5.6 (2.4) | 3.4 (2.6) | 5.4 (1.9) | 6.0 (2.2) | 2.3 (1.5) |
| No | 4.3 (1.9)‡ | 7.9 (1.7) | 7.7 (1.7) | 6.1 (1.6)* | 3.9 (2.1) | 3.9 (2.1)† | 6.3 (2.3)* | 4.0 (3.0) | 5.5 (1.8) | 6.8 (2.0)‡ | 2.3 (1.6) |
| Working |
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| Yes | 3.9 (2.3) | 7.6 (1.9) | 7.6 (1.9) | 5.8 (1.7) | 4.9 (2.0) | 3.4 (2.2) | 5.6 (2.3) | 3.4 (2.6) | 5.4 (1.8) | 6.4 (2.2) | 2.4 (1.5) |
| No | 3.5 (2.0)* | 7.5 (1.8) | 7.3 (2.0) | 5.7 (1.6) | 5.1 (2.2) | 3.0 (2.0)‡ | 5.7 (2.4) | 3.5 (2.7) | 5.5 (1.9) | 6.0 (2.2)* | 2.3 (1.5) |
| GPAa |
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| <1.99 | 4.0 (2.0) | 7.8 (2.3) | 7.5 (2.1) | 5.5 (1.6) | 4.6 (1.6) | 3.7 (2.2) | 5.1 (1.6) | 3.8 (2.0) | 5.1 (1.5) | 6.4 (2.2) | 2.6 (1.8) |
| 2 - 2.99 | 3.3 (2.1) | 7.5 (1.9) | 7.3 (2.0) | 5.6 (1.7) | 4.8 (2.1) | 2.9 (1.9) | 5.6 (2.4) | 3.4 (2.6) | 5.5 (1.9) | 6.1 (2.2) | 2.3 (1.4) |
| ≥3 | 4.0 (2.0)† | 7.7 (1.8) | 7.6 (1.8) | 6.0 (1.6)† | 5.2 (2.2)* | 3.3 (2.2)* | 6.0 (2.4)* | 3.6 (2.7) | 5.6 (1.9) | 6.3 (2.1) | 2.4 (1.6) |
| Alcohol |
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| Yes | 4.6 (2.0) | 8.0 (1.9) | 7.8 (2.0) | 6.5 (1.7) | 5.1 (2.2) | 4.2 (2.3) | 6.4 (2.2) | 5.2 (2.9) | 5.8 (2.0) | 7.1 (1.8) | 2.5 (1.5) |
| No | 3.5 (2.0)† | 7.4 (1.8)‡ | 7.3 (1.9)‡ | 5.6 (1.6)† | 5.0 (2.1) | 2.9 (1.9)† | 5.6 (2.4)† | 3.2 (2.5)† | 5.4 (1.8)* | 5.9 (2.2)† | 2.3 (1.5) |
| Smoking |
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| Yes | 4.1 (2.1) | 7.8 (1.9) | 7.7 (1.9) | 6.1 (1.7) | 5.2 (2.3) | 3.7 (2.1) | 6.2 (2.1) | 4.1 (2.7) | 5.8 (2.0) | 6.6 (2.1) | 2.3 (1.4) |
| No | 3.5 (2.1)‡ | 7.4 (1.8)* | 7.2 (1.9)† | 5.6 (1.6)† | 5.0 (2.1) | 2.9 (2.0)† | 5.56 (2.0)‡ | 3.3 (2.6)† | 5.4 (1.8)* | 6.0 (2.2)† | 2.3 (1.5) |
| Physical activity |
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| Yes | 3.8 (2.1) | 7.5 (1.8) | 7.4 (1.9) | 5.8 (1.6) | 5.1 (2.1) | 3.2 (2.0) | 5.7 (2.9) | 3.7 (2.8) | 5.5 (1.8) | 6.4 (2.1) | 2.4 (1.5) |
| No | 3.3 (2.0)‡ | 7.5 (1.9) | 7.2 (2.0) | 5.6 (1.6)* | 4.8 (2.2) | 2.9 (2.1) | 5.6 (2.4) | 3.1 (2.3)‡ | 5.4 (1.9) | 5.7 (2.2)† | 2.2 (1.4) |
| Insomnia |
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| Yes | 3.3 (1.9) | 7.6 (2.0) | 7.4 (2.1) | 5.9 (1.6) | 4.8 (2.2) | 3.1 (2.0) | 6.0 (2.4) | 3.4 (2.8) | 5.6 (1.9) | 6.1 (2.1) | 2.3 (1.5) |
| No | 3.8 (2.1)‡ | 7.5 (1.8) | 7.3 (1.9) | 5.7 (1.6) | 5.1 (2.1) | 3.1 (2.0) | 5.6 (2.4)* | 3.5 (2.6) | 5.4 (1.9) | 6.1 (2.2) | 2.3 (1.5) |