Communications Modalities
Modality	Inception	Area of Effect	Persistence	Participants	Direction
Oral	Prehistoric	10’s of meters	Momentary	One-to-few	any
Written	3500BC	Any	100’s of years	One-to-few	Any
Newspaper	16^th century	100’s of km	Decades	Few-to-many	Top-down
Telegraph	1837	1000’s of km	Momentary	One-to-few	Top-top
Telephone	1876	Any	Momentary	One-to-few	Any
Radio	1898	Any	Momentary	Few-to-many	Top-down
Television	1927	Any	Momentary	Few-to-many	Top-down
IC	1989	Any	Indefinite	Any-to-any	Any