| Child’s comprehension of | The amount of Mandarin that child participants could understand | |||||
| All | Most | Half | A little | None | Total | |
| Mother | 28 | 26 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 60 |
| Father | 26 | 27 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 60 |
| Grandparents | 13 | 11 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 27 |
| Relatives (phone-calls) | 21 | 20 | 8 | 4 | 0 | 53 |
| In China | 16 | 25 | 12 | 4 | 0 | 57 |