Period | Responsible Organization | Other stakeholders | Major characteristics |
Before 1890 | Community | Traders | The forest was managed through local communities and the sultanate. High-value indigenous tree species were exploited |
1890 to 1990 | Forest Department (later Kenya Forest Service—KFS) | Community and Donors | The community did not have legal right over the forest resources but the law allowed them to access defined products through a unitary defined procedure Donors focusing on tree species trials |
1992 | KFS; KWS; KEFRI and NMK | Community Donor | Team very strong Very strong Donor presence |
1997 | KFS; KWS; KEFRI; NMK; Community and Friends of Arabuko Sokoke Forest (FoASF) | Donor Civil society | Team forming Very strong Donor presence and active civil society Government piloting participatory forest management system |
2005 | KFS; KWS; KEFRI; NMK and Community (CFA, ASFADA) | Donor Civil society | Team very strong Team implementing |
2010 | KFS; KWS; KEFRI; NMK and Community (CFA, ASFADA) | Donor Civil society | Team very strong Team implementing Government facilitating other partners Partnership working with minimal conflicts |
2018 | KFS; KWS; KEFRI; NMK; Community (CFA, ASFADA) and FoASF | Donor Civil society Private investors Mining companies Nature lovers | Team very weak Team storming The team faced conflicts Government weakening and civil society getting strong The team not able to manage external influence with potential to have a negative effect on forest management |