Variable

β

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Age

0.223***

0.010

0.007

−0.002

Gender

0.051

0.120*

0.130*

0.135***

Prior work experience

−0.268***

−0.023

−0.026

−0.067

Need for achievement

0.334***

0.336***

0.307***

Locus of control

0.138**

0.141**

0.140**

Self-efficacy

0.198***

0.211***

0.226***

Instrumental readiness

−0.060

−0.055

Crises effect

0.158***

F

27.295***

42.263***

36.669***

35.390***

R

0.381

0.588

0.591

0.610

R²

0.145

0.346

0.349

0.372

R² change

0.145

0.201

0.003

0.023

ΔR²

0.140

0.337

0.339

0.361