| Structural policies | Macroeconomic policy | Macro prudential measures | Capital flow management measures |
Tool properties | Long-term measures | Short and medium-term measures | Short and medium-term measures | Short and medium-term measures |
Implementation objectives | Enhancing economic development potential | Achieving macro policy objectives | Preventing systemic risk | Direct management of capital flows |
Implementation context | Countries to move forward selectively and continuously according to their development needs | Preference for macroeconomic risks arising from cross-border capital flows | Preferential use when cross-border capital flows pose financial stability risks | Use when macroeconomic and macroprudential policies are not effective in addressing the risks of cross-border capital flows |
Specific tools | Industrial policy, micro policy | Exchange rate policy, reserve policy, monetary policy, fiscal policy, etc. | Countercyclical capital buffers, loan-to-value ratios, debt-to-income ratios, limiting liquidity mismatches, limiting currency mismatches, etc. | Restricting the borrowing of foreign debt by domestic subjects, restricting the flow of foreign capital into the domestic securities market, restricting the foreign currency positions of banks, etc. |