1st author, year | Gender | Age, mean age, response rate | Education, expertise, years of experience | Ethnicity |
1. Cork (2014) USA | Not reported. | Age and mean age not reported. Response rate 75%. | Advanced cardiac life support and trauma nurse core curriculum certified. RN 4 over 16 years 1 between 6 - 10 years 1 between 11 - 15 years Emergency department nurse (ED) 2 over 16 years 3 between 6 - 10 years 1 between 0 - 5 years. | Not reported. |
2. Farr-Wharton et al. (2011) AUSTRALIA | 96.33% female. 3.67% male. | 54.11% over 45 years 8% < 30 years. Mean age not reported. 36 % response rate. | 55 NUM position, 111 clinicians, 516 RNs 213 Enrolled Nurses 5 ‘others’.
107 ? under 1 year. 260 between 1 and 5 years, 160 between 5 and 10 years, 73 between 10 and 15 years 300 more than 15 years. | Not reported. |
3. Pretz & Folse (2010) USA | 78% female RNs 73% female BSN | Mean age RN 38.71 years. Mean age BSN 20.48 years. Response rate not reported. | 64 RNs. 38 medical/surgical nurses 14 critical care 13 maternal/newborn | Not reported. |
4. Rovithis et al. (2015) GREECE | 77.9% female. 22.1% male. | Mean age 28.5 years. Response rate not reported. | 91 RNs. 31 ANs. 29 in emergency department, 54 in surgical clinics, 39 in intensive care unit. 24 between 1 and 4 years. 27 between 5 and 10 years. 20 between 11 and 15 years. 19 between 16 and 20 years. 22 between 21 and 25 years. 9 over 25 years. | Not reported. |
5. Ruth-Sahd & Hendy (2004) USA | 91.0% female. 9% male. | Mean age 27.5 years. Response rate 23.2% and 27.6%. | Novice nurses. | 92% white. 2.2% Afro-American. 2.2% Hispanic. 2.2% Asian. 1.5% ‘other’. |
6. Smith et al. (2004) USA | 89.1% female. 10.9% male. | Mean age 40.7 years. Response rate 35%. | Senior BSN students. 54% nursing assistant 8% licensed vocational. Associate degree students. | 76.6% white. |
7. Smith (2006) USA | 87% female, 12% male. | Mean age 16.6 years. Response rate not reported. | 39.1% certified nurse’s aides. 2.2% licensed vocational. 15.1% nurse extern. 43.7% no clinical experience. 60% BSN students. 37% Associate degree students. | 76% white. 6% Afro-American. 6% Hispanic 5% Asian American/ Pacific Islander. 2% Native American. |
8. Smith (2007) USA | 91.1% female. 8.9% male. | Mean age 25.6 years. Response rate 7.9%. | 79 RNs. 9 between 1 and 4 years. 12 between 5 and 10 years 10 between 11 and 15 years. 8 between 16 and 20 years. 10 between 21 and 25 years. 30 over 25 years. | 22.8% white 34.2 Afro-American 6.3% Hispanic 27.8% Asian-American 1.3% Native American 1% Other |