1st author, year

Gender

Age, mean age, response rate

Education, expertise, years of experience

Ethnicity

1. Cork (2014)

USA

Not reported.

Age and mean age not reported.

Response rate 75%.

Advanced cardiac life support and trauma nurse core curriculum certified.

RN

4 over 16 years

1 between 6 - 10 years

1 between 11 - 15 years

Emergency department nurse (ED)

2 over 16 years

3 between 6 - 10 years

1 between 0 - 5 years.

Not reported.

2. Farr-Wharton et al. (2011)

AUSTRALIA

96.33% female.

3.67% male.

54.11% over 45 years

8% < 30 years.

Mean age not reported.

36 % response rate.

55 NUM position,

111 clinicians,

516 RNs

213 Enrolled Nurses

5 ‘others’.

107 ? under 1 year.

260 between 1 and 5 years, 160 between 5 and 10 years, 73 between 10 and 15 years

300 more than 15 years.

Not reported.

3. Pretz & Folse (2010) USA

78% female RNs

73% female BSN

Mean age RN 38.71 years.

Mean age BSN 20.48 years.

Response rate not reported.

64 RNs.

38 medical/surgical nurses

14 critical care

13 maternal/newborn

Not reported.

4. Rovithis et al. (2015) GREECE

77.9% female.

22.1% male.

Mean age 28.5 years.

Response rate not reported.

91 RNs.

31 ANs.

29 in emergency department, 54 in surgical clinics, 39 in intensive care unit.

24 between 1 and 4 years.

27 between 5 and 10 years.

20 between 11 and 15 years.

19 between 16 and 20 years.

22 between 21 and 25 years.

9 over 25 years.

Not reported.

5. Ruth-Sahd & Hendy (2004)

USA

91.0% female.

9% male.

Mean age 27.5 years.

Response rate 23.2% and 27.6%.

Novice nurses.

92% white.

2.2% Afro-American.

2.2% Hispanic.

2.2% Asian.

1.5% ‘other’.

6. Smith et al. (2004) USA

89.1% female.

10.9% male.

Mean age 40.7 years.

Response rate 35%.

Senior BSN students.

54% nursing assistant

8% licensed vocational.

Associate degree students.

76.6% white.

7. Smith (2006)

USA

87% female,

12% male.

Mean age 16.6 years.

Response rate not reported.

39.1% certified nurse’s aides.

2.2% licensed vocational.

15.1% nurse extern.

43.7% no clinical experience.

60% BSN students.

37% Associate degree students.

76% white.

6% Afro-American.

6% Hispanic

5% Asian American/ Pacific Islander.

2% Native American.

8. Smith (2007)

USA

91.1% female.

8.9% male.

Mean age 25.6 years.

Response rate 7.9%.

79 RNs.

9 between 1 and 4 years.

12 between 5 and 10 years

10 between 11 and 15 years.

8 between 16 and 20 years.

10 between 21 and 25 years.

30 over 25 years.

22.8% white

34.2 Afro-American

6.3% Hispanic

27.8% Asian-American

1.3% Native American

1% Other