No.

Year

CNR

Range/Extended

syndromes

Pathogens

Number of cases

Commentary (publication reference)

1

2006

Malaria drug resistant

national

Diagnostic test

Plasmodium falciparum

6 tests assessed including 4 retained

BCP Malaria, CareStartTM Malaria pLDH, Acurate Malaria Test, SD Malaria Antigen: could be used in the diagnosis of malaria (Report 2006 (Unpublished data).

2

2006

Bacterial meningitis

Regional epidemic (Séguela, Bouna, Bouaké, tengrela, dabakala, daloa, soubre, boundiali)

Meningeal syndrome

N, meningitidis A

N, meningitidis W135

N, non-typeable meningitidis

S, pneumoniae

49 cases

These data enabled the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene via the National Institute of Public Hygiene to carry out a vaccination response in the health districts affected by the epidemic (Report 2006; Unpublished data).

3

2006

Cholera and shigellosis

epidemic in 3 health districts (Abidjan and 2 in western Côte d’Ivoire (Danané and Zouan Hounien).

Gastroenteritis syndrome

Vibrio cholera

21 cases

The age group most affected by cholera is between 16 and 45 years old. Children were the least affected (Report 2006 [14] ).

4

2006

Agents of sexually transmitted infections

national

Diagnostic test

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

3 tests assessed including 1 retained

Chek plus HIV 1 - 2 sensitivity and specificity 100%, report 2006 (Unpublished data).

5

2006

Measles

National epidemic: 37 health districts

Nasopharyngeal syndrome

measles virus

11 cases

(Report 2006; Unpublished data).

6

2006

Influenza and respiratory virus

LANADA (animal sample)

surveillance

Influenza viruses

22 cases

7 positive (including 5 H5N1) (Unpublished data).

7

2006

Influenza and respiratory virus

Sentinel site and national investigation

Human nasopharyngeal syndrome

Influenza viruses

46 cases

23 positive

3 positive (ELISA)

10 Flu M gene positives (Unpublished data).

8

2006

Yellow fever

Epidemic

hemorrhagic fever

yellow fever virus

376 cases

2 sera from Côte d’Ivoire which proved positive for IgM-type anti-yellow fever antibodies were confirmed by the regional laboratory, IP Dakar.

9

2006

Poliomyelitis

surveillance

AFP

wild poliovirus

1570 cases

0 wild poliovirus after cell culture,

181 non-polio enterovirus

14 vaccine-derived polio virus (Unpublished data).

10

2007

Bacterial meningitis

National epidemic

Meningeal syndrome

N.meningitidis A

N.meningitidis C

N.meningitidis W135

N.meningitidis sp.

S.pneumoniae

H. influenzae B

Streptococcus agalactiae B

98 cases

Three techniques are used at CNR level. These are culture, the search for soluble antigens and PCR. The interest of PCR in the detection of bacteria in CSF is undeniable given the results (Report 2007; Unpublished data).

11

2007

Poliomyelitis

surveillance

AFP

Non-polio enterovirus

vaccine-derived polio virus

1626

0 wild poliovirus after cell culture,

163 non-polio enterovirus

16 vaccine-derived polio virus

Unpublished data).

12

2007

Influenza and respiratory viruses

surveillance

flu syndrome

RSV

Parainfluenza virus

425 cases

Each sample was tested simultaneously by the ELISA technique for the identification of type and B influenza viruses and inoculated on MDCK cells for viral isolation. Secondarily, the search for the viral genome of influenza A, B and C, Metapneumovirus, RSV, Parainfluenza 1, 2, 3 and 4, rhinovirus, and Coronavirus OC 43 and 229E viruses was carried out by molecular biology.

Of the 425 samples, 40 were positive for influenza, i.e. a prevalence of 9.41%. 13 cases or 3.06% of RSV infection were confirmed. The search for Parainfluenza viruses was carried out on 94 samples from the Pediatrics department of the University Hospital of Treichville and made it possible to highlight 9 cases of infection by Parainfluenza viruses. Unpublished data.

13

2007

Measles

surveillance

Nasopharyngeal syndrome

Anti-measles specific IgM

348 cases

Measles confirmation: For all suspected cases based on sera: 13.1% (Unpublished data).

14

2008

Tuberculosis

Slaughterhouse

Tuberculosis in cattle

Mr bovis

104 cases

the first time in Côte d’Ivoire, that Mycobacterium bovis was isolated from cattle slaughtered at the slaughterhouse, to confirm the existence of animal tuberculosis (Cissé et al. 2008; CISSE et al. 2008).

15

2009

Bacterial meningitis

Epidemic

Meningeal syndrome

S.pneumoniae

H. influenzae b

Neisseria meningitidis 3

N.meningitidis. VS

N.meningitidis. B

S. agalactiae

Cryptococcus neoformans

29 cases

the emergence of NmW135 in Côte d’Ivoire, as well as the simultaneous disappearance of NmA (Soumahoro et al. 2018).

16

2009

Poliomyelitis

surveillance

Acute flaccid paralysis

wild-type poliovirus

Non-polio enterovirus

vaccine-derived polio virus

102 cases

After treatment, inoculation and intratypic differentiation, 102 cases of poliovirus were isolated, i.e. 15%, of which 53 were type 1 wild type poliovirus. 47 were of vaccine origin including 40 type 1, 6 type 2 and 1 type 3 (2007 Report; Unpublished data).

17

2009

Measles

National outbreak

Nasopharyngeal syndrome

Anti-measles specific IgM

762 cases

64 health districts were affected by positive cases of measles with recrudescence in the districts of Abidjan (2007 report; Unpublished data).

18

2009

Influenza and respiratory viruses

sentinel surveillance, pandemic influenza investigation

flu syndrome

influenza A and B viruses

virus type A, type H3N2

virus type A, type H1N1

untypeable virus

1360 samples 456 positive cases

Influenza virus types A and B circulated. Type A viruses, 167 (50.45%) were of the H3N2 subtype and 37.46% were non-typeable.

Two cases of influenza A (H1N1)2009 have been diagnosed in patients from the United States. Antigenic characterization of circulating strains was performed at the WHO collaborating center, Atlanta). All A (H3N2) viruses were antigenically close to the A/BRISBANE/10/2007-LIKE (H3N2) strain.

The A (H1N1) virus strains were antigenically close to the A/California/07/2009 (H1N1)v strain (Report 2009; (Unpublished data).

19

2009

Rage

surveillance

animal bite

Lyssavirus

32 samples

2 confirmed human cases of rabies (Report 2009; Unpublished data).

20

2010

Measles

National outbreak

Nasopharyngeal syndrome

Anti-measles specific IgM

913 suspected cases

461 cases have been confirmed with an annual prevalence of 50.49%. The prevalence for the year 2009 was 24.27% with 185 confirmed cases out of 713 samples taken from suspected cases. This situation was linked to measles outbreaks in the districts of Abidjan West and Abidjan East (Report 2010; Unpublished data).

21

2010

Yellow fever

yellow fever and dengue fever epidemic

Hemorrhagic fever

Dengue virus

Yellow Fever Virus

964 suspected cases

Epidemiological, biological and entomological investigations around confirmed cases of dengue fever and yellow fever in the Montagnes, Sud Comoé and Worodougou health regions, particularly in 04 health districts

The entomological component consisted of capturing adult mosquitoes (135 batches of mosquitoes, Séguéla/Man/Zouan-Hounien/Aboisso), (Report 2010; Unpublished data).

22

2010

Influenza and respiratory viruses

sentinel surveillance, pandemic influenza investigation

flu syndrome

influenza A and B viruses

type B virus,

virus type A, type H3N2

virus type A(H1N1)v

non-typeable viruses

447 cases

Absence of circulation of seasonal A (H1N1) viruses and almost permanent circulation of the pandemic virus and an upsurge of type B viruses.

23

2011

Cholera and Shigellosis

Investigation of an outbreak of cholera Attecoubé

gastroenteritis

Vibrio cholera

634 cases

ongoing monitoring for drug resistance can help choose a standardized treatment regimen. Further genotypic characterization of Vibrio choleraeO1 isolates will be needed [15] .

24

2011

Diarrhea virus

epidemiological and virological monitoring of pediatric rotavirus diarrhea in five (5) sentinel sites (CHU Yopougon, CHU Cocody, HGYOPAT, HGAN, HGPB).

diarrhea monitoring

rotavirus diarrhea; enterovirulent viruses

200 cases

(Report 2011; Unpublished data).

25

2012

Influenza and respiratory viruses

surveillance of cases of flu-like illnesses and surveillance of severe acute respiratory infections

flu syndromes and surveillance of severe acute respiratory infections

virus type A and B

A(H1N1) pdm09 virus

co-infections between types and subtypes of influenza viruses.

111

Cases of co-infections between types and subtypes of influenza viruses have been observed (Report 2012; Unpublished data).

26

2012

ORMICI

Monitoring Multi-Resistant Bacteria abidjan and CHR

ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae

Staphylococcus Meti R

Hurt 24.6%

SAMR 29.4

The monitoring of the evolution of BMR (Multi-Resistant Bacteria) shows a catastrophic situation in our hospitals but also in the city of Abidjan. These figures challenge us. It is time to react. Infections will become increasingly untreatable (Report 2012; Unpublished data).

27

2012

Cholera and shigellosis

Regional cholera epidemic (south comoé)

gastroenteritis

V. cholerae were serogroup O1.

67 cases

In different African epidemiological settings, substantial variation has occurred in cholera incidence, age distribution, clinical presentation, culture confirmation, and testing frequency. These results can help guide prevention activities, including the use of vaccines (Sauvageot et al. 2016).

28

2012

Bacterial meningitis

National epidemic

Meningeal syndrome

Neisseria meningitdis serogroup W135

163 cases

travelers to the meningitis belt of sub-Saharan Africa may be at risk of infection with N. meningitidis serogroup W135 (Taha et al. 2013).

29

2012

Tuberculosis

Animal pathology laboratory

Tuberculosis syndrome in cattle

Mr bovis

1 case

(Report 2012; Unpublished data).

30

2012

RIISIN

-Public structures

5 Services of the CHU of Cocody

-SAMU

-3 Private medical structures

monitoring the circulation of pathogenic bacteria in the hospital environment

Enterobacteriaceae

No Enterobacteriaceae

Staphylococcus spp

Streptococcus species

Pseudomonas multi-resistant

249 samples

Pseudomonas multi-resistant and resistant to Imipenem was observed for the first time in the intensive care unit of the University Hospital of Cocody. An alert was given to the Ministry of Health and the Fight against AIDS on February 7, 2012.

31

2013

Yellow fever

Epidemic

Hemorrhagic fever

yellow fever virus

7

(Report 2012; Unpublished data).

32

2013

Bacterial meningitis

Laboratory network monitoring

Meningeal syndrome

-S. pneumonia

-NmA

-NmC

-NmW135

-Hib

-S agalactiae

28 cases

The majority of the samples came from the health region of Abidjan 2. The main germs were S. pneumoniae followed by N. m W135. Northern regions included in the meningitis belt sent fewer samples. Several hypotheses can be mentioned: difficulties in transporting CSF to the CNRm, reduction in cases of meningitis following the vaccination campaign (tetravalent vaccine ACYW135).

33

2013

Influenza and respiratory virus

Surveillance

ARI in children

other non-influenza respiratory viruses

1509 ca

Multiplex RT-PCR assays targeting 10 severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) respiratory viruses were tested [16] .

34

2015

Rage

Diagnosis of rabies in suspected persons on biopsy of skin, saliva and urine

Rabies suspect

rabies virus

10 cases

All samples processed by molecular techniques were found to be positive. (Tiembre et al. 2010).

35

2015

Hemorrhagic fever

the threat of the Ebola virus fever epidemic,

Ebola suspect

Hemorrhagic fever virus

5 sera of suspected cases

negative results in Ebola gene amplification test but vigilance must remain.

36

2017

Hemorrhagic fevers

National epidemic

Hemorrhagic fever

Dengue virus

2849 samples

DENV-2 dominated this outbreak even though all three serotypes were detected by RT-PCR. The increasing trend of co-circulation of dengue virus serotypes suggests that Abidjan is transitioning from an endemic to a hyperendemic state [17] .

37

2018

Hemorrhagic fevers

dengue fever outbreak

Hemorrhagic syndrome

dengue virus, lassa virus

1 case

fatal human case of Lassa fever in Bangolo district in western Côte d’Ivoire in 2015 [18] .

38

2019

Hemorrhagic fevers

District Abobo

Hemorrhagic syndrome

Crimea Congo Virus

1 case

Cirulation of crimean congo virus in Ivory Coast [19] [20] .

39

2020

Influenza and respiratory virus

pandemic

corona virus

corona virus

More than 1 million direct debits

This pandemic has put all the economic and health systems of the countries of the world to the test. Several works have been carried out [21] [22] .

40

2020

Bacterial meningitis

national

Diagnostic test

Neisseria meningitidis

1 trial

Validation of a new immunochromatographic test (MeningoSpeed, BioSpeedia, France) for the detection and clustering of Neisseria meningitidis [23] .