| The framework of gamification | Specific element | Relevant literature | |
| MDM Model | Mechanics | Behavioral identification documents, integrating system, badge, cup, ranking, grade, reputation score, team mission, time pressure, task mode, passing level mode, pictorial signal, virtual trade | |
| Dynamics | Explore, collect, compete, gain position, cooperate, and challenges | ||
| Motivation | Intelligence, curiosity, achievement, social cognition, and social exchange | ||
| DMC Model | Dynamics | Constraint, emotion, narration, development, relation | |
| Mechanics | Challenge, chance, competition, cooperation, feedback, access to resources, reward, trade, round, winning state | ||
| Components | Achievement, avatars, badge, hit a ghost, collect, fight, content deblocking, grant, ranking list, grade, count, task, social atlas, team, virtual product | ||
| MDE Framework | Mechanics | Organization mechanics, rule mechanics, process mechanics | |
| Dynamics | The change in players’ behaviors (cooperation, competition, observation, participation, dropping out, and cheating) | ||
| Emotions | Positive emotion, passive emotion | ||
| SMAT Model | Storytelling | Focused thread, spiritual visualization, empathy, task situation, a guide to action | |
| Mechanics | Ranking lists, credits, progress charts, badges | ||
| Aesthetics | Visual signals, appearance | ||
| Technology | Medium, like broadband network, wireless network | ||
| Direct Visualization Elements | Scores, badges, ranking lists, progress charts, plots, visual signals, team members | | |
| Virtual Community Gamification Elements | Game credits, social credits, exchangeable credits, grades, ranking lists, exchanges, plots, virtual identities, collections | | |