Series

Level

First difference

Decision

PP

KPSS

PP

KPSS

EF

−0.884

0.955*

−13.612*

0.224

I(1)

GDP

−1.220

0.501*

−4.450*

0.270

I(1)

GDPS

−1.222

0.502*

−4.464*

0.268

I(1)

URB

−3.307*

0.956*

−2.921

0.394

I(1)