Event, the

Event, the

Technical developments

Technical developments

Korean War 1950-51

Gulf War, 1990

Anti-fouling paints

Bigger ships by 1995 >100,000 dwt; Capes >100,000 dwt

1^st Suez Canal closure-1956-1957

Iraq invasion, 2003

More efficient diesel engines-more efficient engines⁶ in general

Specialized vessels; 1975 emerged

2^nd Suez closure 1967-1975

Global financial crisis end-2008-2018

Improved hatch covers⁷

Improved on-board technology

Yom Kippur War 1973-1^st oil crisis

Pandemic 2019-2022

Unmanned engine room, early 1960 (*)

Satellite navigation

2^nd oil crisis, 1979

Better organizing→ computerization; digitalization

(*) Automation in machinery spaces

Economies of scale recognized, 1955-

Air pollution control-scrubbers, 2011-2021

New ship-designs

Reduced manning cost due to 1981-1987 depression

Energy conservation measures: 1974-

Use of alternative fuels more friendly to environment than oil & coal

A Diesel engine design appeared