| | 10 European countries | PIAAC database (2013) | Mincerian classical equations | 1) Both years of education and skills contribute to determine wages, with higher R to years of education as the level of skills increases; R to years of required education and educational mismatch vary depending on the skills acquired by workers, with a higher premium to years of OvEdu among workers with higher levels of skills. |
| | Spain | National Immigrant Survey of Spain (NIS 2007) conducted between November 2006 and February 2007 of 15,465 individuals, one per household. | Probit with selection | 1) Probability of OvEdu has a higher effect on the probability of being over-educated in the first job; 2) those who were OvEdu in their first job are more likely to continue being over-educated in their current job; and 3) OvEdu immigrants earn significantly lower wages compared to their non-overeducated counterparts. |
| | India | 2011-2012. Survey across 7469 villages and 5268 urban blocks, covering 101,724 households and 456,999 individuals | Multiple Mincerian equations and the novel identification strategy of Lewbel (2012) | R to OvEdu (+) and significant; R to UnEdu (−) and significant. OvEdu earn less than the workers who have the same educational level, but who are engaged in occupations for which they are adequately educated. |