Bender and Roche (2013)

USA

dataset from the US National Science Foundation (NSF 2013)

Probit regression

Larger earnings penalties for mismatch among the self-employed and no diminution in job satisfaction.

Zamfir et al. (2013)

14 countries

REFLEX data set, which includes information on early career outcomes of school leavers graduating ISCED 5 in 1999/2000. The survey was carried out in 2005 among higher graduates

Nonparametric kernel methods

A negative effect of the education-job mismatch on wages in most of the countries.

García-Pozo et al. (2014)

Spain

The 2006 Spanish Wage Structure Survey

Mincerian wage specification

The R on human capital and the real hourly wage may be quantitatively influenced by educational mismatch.

Tarvid (2015)

27 countries

European Social Survey Round 5 data

Mixed effect logit

1) industries form two clusters: low OvEdu–low share of below-tertiary occupations, and high OvEdu–high share of below-tertiary occupations; 2) industries form a continuous cloud along a positively-sloped line; and 3) industries appear along a horizontal line, suggesting no relationship between the two variables.

David and Nordman (2017)

Egypt and Tunisia

Survey of the European Training Foundation (ETF) between 2006 and 2007 in Albania, Egypt, Moldavia and Tunisia on a sample of approximately 1000 non-migrants and 1000 returnees in each country

R migrant’s job level upon R and compute the mean and median

Tunisian R migrants are more prone to be OvEdu than Egyptian R.

Flisi et al. (2017)

17 European countries

PIAAC survey (2013)

Conceptualisation and measurement of occupational mismatch

1) a small percentage of mismatched individuals are mismatched with respect to both education and skill, whereas the majority are mismatched with respect to either education or skill only; 2) negative correlation between the incidence of education and skill mismatch.