Authors/Year

Sample

Impact

Abreu & Grinevich (2017)

UK academics (2008-2009)

Negative: Spinout activity (Gender: female)

Aldridge & Audretsch (2011)

United States-based scientists awarded a research grant by the National Cancer Institute between 1998 and 2002 to commercialize their research. Of those research grant awards the largest 20%

Non-significant

Alshumaimri et al. (2012)

Scientists selected randomly from three universities in Saudi Arabia: King Abdulaziz University, King Fahad University and King Saud University

Non-significant

Bijedic et al. (2014)

Academic scientists in 73 German universities

Negative (Gender: female)

Dohse et al. (2021)

Krabel & Müller (2009)

Researchers at the Max Planck Society (MPS) at different career stages in Germany

Negative: Business Owner (Gender: female)

Non-significant: Nascent Entrepreneurs

Non-significant: Nascent Entrepreneurs

Goel et al. (2015)

Researchers at the Max Planck Society (MPS) at different career stages in Germany

Negative: Academic business start-ups (Gender: female)