Catalyst source | Modification | Modification condition | Feedstocks | FAME conversion | Catalyst dose | Reference |
Oyster shell | Combustion | 700˚C | Soybean oil | >70% (Y), 5 h | 25 wt.% | [64] |
Waste eggshell | Calcination | 200˚C - 1000˚C, 2 h | Soybean oil | 95% (Y), 3 h | 3 wt.% | [65] |
Shell of Turbonillastriatula | Calcination | 800˚C, 4 h. | Mustard oil | 93.3% (Y), 6 h | 3 wt.% | [60] |
Waste fish scale (Labeorohita) | Calcination | >997.42˚C, 2 h | Soybean oil | 97.73% (Y) | 1.01 wt.% | [66] |
eggshell | Calcination- hydration- dehydration | 900˚C, 2.5 h, 60˚C, 6 h 600˚C, 3 h | Waste frying oil | 94.52% (C) | 5 wt.% | [67] |
Industrial waste. (Eggshell, golden apple snail shell, Meretrixvenus) | Calcination | 800˚C, 2 - 4 h | Palm olein oil | >90% (C), 2 h | 10 wt.% | [58] |
Animal bone | calcination | 800˚C | palm oil | 96.78% (C), 4 h | 20 wt.% | [59] |
Industrial eggshell | Calcination | 800˚C, 4 h. | Palm oil | 96.7% (C) 4 min | 15 wt.% | [61] |
Clamshell (Mereterixmereterix) | Calcination | 900˚C, 3.5 h | Waste frying oil | 97%, (C) 3 h | 3.0g | [62] |
Waste mussel shell | Calcination | 1050˚C, | Soybean oil | 100 (C), 94.1% (Y) | 12 wt.% | [68] |
Waste shell of mussel, cockle, scallop | Calcination | 1000˚C, 4 h | Palm oil | 95 % (C), 3 h | 10 wt.% | [69] |
Chicken bones | Calcination | 900˚C | Waste cooking oil | 89.33% (C) | 5.0g | [63] |
Angel wing shell (cyrtopleuracostata) | Calcination | 800˚C, 900˚C, 2 h | Microalgae oil | 84.11% (Y) | 9.0 wt.% | [70] |
palm kernel shell | Gasification and Calcination | 800˚C, 2 h | Sunflower oil | 99.0% (C) | 5.0 wt.% | [71] |
Animal bone modified on KOH | Calcination | 900˚C, | Jatropha oil | 96.1% | 6.0 wt.% | [72] |
Musabalbisianacolla peel | Air burning and calcination | 700˚C, 4 h | Waste cooking oil | 100% (C) | 2 wt.% | [73] |
Waste ostrich and chicken eggshell | calcination | 1000˚C, 4 h | Waste cooking oil | 94%, 96% (C) | 1.5 wt.% | [74] |
River snail shell | calcination | 600˚C - 1000˚C, 3 h | Palm oil | 98.5% | 5.0 wt.% | [75] |