Categories

Mode of action

Effects

References

Crops (legumes &cereals).

The release of phytotoxic compounds

Reduced crop yield as well as carrying capacity of pastures.

[44] [46] [48]

Wild animals/livestock

Weakens the immune system by reducing the number of WBC

Skin lesions, mouth ulcers, anorexia, pruritus, alopecia, diarrhea, eye irritation.

[35] [50] [51] [52] [58]

Human health

Induction of cytotoxicity also reacts with cytokines.

Allergic, bronchitis, skin inflammation, asthma, blisters, hay fever, erythematous eruption

[53] [55] .

Soil

Utilizing soil nutrients

Soil infertility

[48] [52] .

Vegetation/landscape composition

Disrupt the structure of the natural ecosystem and displace numerous native plant species.

Degradation of natural ecosystem and biodiversity, allelopathic effects, toxic to flora and fauna, reduced species richness.

[59] [61]

Shrinking of biodiversity