Administration paradigm | The Evolution Process | |
Governance concept | Core value of public administration | |
Traditional Public Administration (TPA) | Top-down governance | Efficiency first |
New Public Administration (NPA) | Participatory governance | Fairness dominated |
New Public Management (NPM) | Performance-based governance | “Three E” and quality orientation |
Public Value Management (PVM) | Network governance | Attach equal importance to efficiency, fairness and responsibility |