Topic | Traditional | Modern |
| Organisational environment | Stable, understandable | Complex, dynamic, networked |
| Organisational design | Mechanistic design dominant, some organic designs | Flatter, more flexible hierarchy, various designs |
| Decision making | Chain of command, hierarchy | More shared decision making |
| Setting and achieving goals | Top-down | At different levels, self-administered |
| Mindset of leaders | Be on top and be in control | Delegate and give support and confidence |
| Leaders’ approach to motivation | Focus on extrinsic motivation, task orientation | People orientation, facilitate intrinsic motivation, |
| Leadership goals | Rational and planned | Processual development |
| Leadership concept | Position, person | Individual, dyadic, system |