return on common stockholders’ equity rate

operating cost rate

account payable turnover rate

research and development expenditure rate

income tax rate

return on total assets rate

X₁

X₂

X₃

X₄

X₅

Y

2012

−0.146

0.676

5.657

0.073

−3.790

−0.006

2013

0.039

0.660

6.746

0.069

0.580

0.018

2014

−0.025

0.662

8.038

0.060

3.674

0.002

2015

−0.017

0.642

7.800

0.057

2.233

0.003

2016

0.069

0.637

8.839

0.055

0.311

0.019

2017

0.041

0.625

8.637

0.060

0.493

0.015