Material/Method | Pollutant/light source | Results | References |
TiO2 (6 nm)/Sol-gel | Toluene (aqueous media)/UV light | Conversion of toluene to CO2 was achieved up to 55% | [51] |
TiO2-ZnO/Sol gel Annealed at 380 C | Toluene (aqueous media)/Visible light | 45.7% after 2 hrs. of light irradiation | [52] |
TiO2-ZnO/Sol gel Annealed at 500 | 39.5% after 2 hrs. of light irradiation | ||
N doped TiO2-ZnO/Sol-gel Annealed at 380 C | 28.6% after 2 hrs. of light irradiation | ||
N-TiO2/ZnO/Sol gel Annealed at 500 C | 12.9% after 2 hrs. of light irradiation | ||
Without catalyst | 73.2 % after 2 hrs. of visible light irradiation | ||
TiO2-commercial P25 | Toluene (aqueous media)/UV light | 60 hours to completely remove toluene from water | [53] |
TiO2 dip coated on Autoclaved aerated white concrete | Toluene (11 μg g-1) (air purification)/UV light | 86% remediated after 20 hours | [54] |
Rutile and anatase TiO2/commercial products | Naphthalene (Acetonitrile/wate)/Visible light | Higher efficiency than anatase TiO2 particles for converting naphthalene to 2-formylcinnamaldehyde (is about only conversion) | [55] |
TiO2 dispersions-commercial P25 | Naphthalene (aqueous media)/Visible light | Feasible and fast within 30 min but for when naphthalene is less than 4 ppm (no details are given) | [56] |
TiO2-NiO/in situ-modified sol-gel | Naphthalene (aqueous media)/Visible light & UV light | 1.5 to 2.5 faster than TiO2 (sol-gel) material for less than 20 ppm of naphthalene for time of more than 100 hours | [57] |
G-TiO2/sol-gel | Toluene (aqueous media)/only Visible light | 90% in one h | (Present manuscript) |
G-TiO2/sol-gel | Naphthalene/(aqueous media)/only Visible light | 50% in 48 h | (Present manuscript) |
G-TiO2/sol-gel | Diesel/(aqueous media)/only Visible light | 40% in 48 h | (Present manuscript) |