| Threats | Consequences | Root causes | Barrier Analysis |
Forest Ecosystem | Climate-induced: Bushfires, droughts. Human-induced: Agriculture expansion, Agro-industrial plantations, Industrial & artisanal logging, Mining, Poaching, Urbanization, Firewood and charcoal production; Human intrusions. | Forest fragmentation and degradation (by farming, new settlement, roads, and skid trails), Biodiversity loss, Large scale ecosystem changes. | Poverty & population growth, Lack of governance, Communities dependence on natural resources & Absence of alternative livelihood opportunities, and low economy. | Insufficient understanding of adequate agroforestry technologies, Insufficient demonstration projects, Insufficient economic incentives, Inadequate legal/regulatory basis. |
Water Resources | Climate-induced: A decline in rainfall and average flows; Water scarcity during low flows, Floods. Human-induced: Urbanization, Soil erosion, domestic and industrial pollutions, Mining, Agriculture expansion, Agro-industrial plantations. | Water quality degradation (mining, agro-industrial plantations discharges chemicals), Water-borne diseases, Degradation of water ecosystems, Growth of aquatic weeds. | Poverty & population growth, Transboundary resources, Difficulties to access groundwater reserves of which very little is exploited today, Degradation of products and service functions, and loss of tree-based vegetation cover. | Lack of hydrological systematic monitoring and water-quality data, weak coordination, national laws, policies not implemented, Low capacity of local institutions and administration. |