Past (1991-2009)

Present (2009-2019)

Future (2019-onwards)

Organisation

· No organization

· Self-organization internal to university

· Central organization external to university

· Central organization

· Hybrid structure: value chain - cluster/ecosystem hybrid

· Triple helix focused

· Flexible and adaptive TTOs

· Platform based interactions

· Ecosystem orchestration

Functions

· Allow bilateral cooperation between university & industry

· Allow science & research development in the region

· Fostering collaboration in multi-actor settings

· Increasing technological development

· Allowing funding for R&D projects

· Fostering innovation

· Increasing deal flow

· Continue TT to industry

· Transfer knowledge to society.

Key stakeholders

· Large corporations

· Universities

· Policy actors gradually added

· Universities

· University colleges

· Research center

· Federations

· Governmental bodies (Government, Public administration, Agencies

· Incubators

· Venture capital fund

· PE & private funds (Business angels)

· Companies

· Industry

· Civil society

Power

· Concentrated at the larger R&D intensive companies

· Concentrated at the governmental funding agency

· Distributed across open platforms and networks