Authors

Country

Sample

Results

Self-selection

Learning-by- exporting

Productivity Paradox

Arnold & Hussinger (2005)

Germany

2149 observations; 389 firms; 1992-2000

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×

×

Fryges & Wagner (2008)

Germany

Mining and manufacturing industries; 1995-2005

—

√

×

Serti & Tomasi (2008)

Italy

38,771 firms; 1989-1997

√

√

×

Greenaway et al. (2005)

Sweden

36,903 observations; 3570 firms; 1980-1997

×

×

√

Eliasson et al. (2012)

Sweden

SMEs; 1997-2006

√

×

×

Aldan & Gunay (2008)

Turkey

41,463 observations; 4498 firms; 1989-2003

√

√

×

Yang & Mallick (2010)

China

2340 firms; 2000-2002

√

√

×

Ranjan & Raychaudhuri (2011)

India

3698 firms; 1990-2006

√

√

×

Haidar (2012)

India

33,510 firms; 1991-2004

√

×

×

Sharma & Mishra (2015)

India

manufacturing firms; 1994-2006

√

√

×

Kasahara & Lapham (2013)

Chile

manufacturing firms with at least 10 employees; 1990-1996

—

√

—

Benkovskis et al. (2019)

Latvia and Estonia

Latvian frms; 2006-2015; and Estonian frms;1995-2014

—

√

—

Bigsten & Gebreeyesus (2007)

Ethiopia

Manufacturing industries; 1996-2005

√

√

×

Kandilov & Liu (2011)

Colombia

around 4500 firms of agri food industry; 1981-1987

—

√

×