Energy crops species

Minimum

GCV

(MJ∙kg⁻¹)

Maximum

GCV

(MJ∙kg⁻¹)

Range

GCV

(MJ∙kg⁻¹)

Mean

GCV

(MJ∙kg⁻¹)

Standard deviation

Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L. var. altilis)

14.675

15.379

0.704

14.986^*

0.270

Cardoon seeds with moisture content6.50%

23.036

23.569

0.533

23.293

0.267

Cardoon seeds without moisture (dried at 105˚C for 24 h)

25.065

25.410

0.345

25.230

0.173

Cardoon seed cake with moisture content 6.55%

20.207

20.210

0.003

20.208

0.002

Cardoon seed cake without moisture (dried at 105˚C for 24 h)

21.027

21.171

0.144

21.076

0.082

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) rain fed

17.281

17.327

0.046

17.308

0.024

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) irrigated

17.103

17.422

0.319

17.279

0.162

Switchgrass/rain fed/ N-fertilization with 80 kg∙ha⁻¹

17.144

17.300

0.156

17.209

0.081

Switchgrass/rain fed/ N-fertilization with 160 kg∙ha⁻¹

17.128

17.505

0.377

17.339

0.193

Switchgrass/rain fed/ N-fertilization with 240 kg∙ha⁻¹

17.172

17.317

0.145

17.259

0.077

Switchgrass/rain fed/dry stem

17.116

17.248

0.132

17.190

0.067

Switchgrass/rain fed/dry leaves

16.531

16.924

0.393

16.768

0.209

Switchgrass/rain fed/dry sheaths

16.788

16.898

0.110

16.840

0.055

Switchgrass/rain fed/dry flowers

17.703

17.835

0.132

17.756

0.069

Common reed (Phragmites atralis) fresh leaves

17.135

17.636

0.501

17.494

0.147

Common reeddry leaves

18.019

18.500

0.481

18.274

0.169

Common reed fresh stem

16.885

17.023

0.138

16.943

0.048

Common reed dry stem

17.794

18.083

0.289

17.933

0.122

Common reedfresh glumes

17.288

17.588

0.300

17.456

0.091

Common reeddry glumes

18.339

18.573

0.234

18.482

0.080

Common reed fresh florets

18.033

18.555

0.522

18.326

0.158

Common reed dry florets

18.882

19.707

0.825

19.170^*

0.255

Narrow-leaf cattail (Typha angustifolia) fresh stem

17.172

17.314

0.142

17.230

0.052

Narrow-leaf cattail dry stem

17.636

18.282

0.646

18.117

0.194

Narrow-leaf cattail fresh leaves

16.895

17.238

0.343

17.083

0.093

Narrow-leaf cattail dry leaves

17.867

18.484

0.617

18.187

0.178

Narrow-leaf cattail fresh female flowers

17.716

18.132

0.416

17.856

0.139

Narrow-leaf cattail dry female flowers

18.783

19.161

0.378

19.002

0.103