| / | / | [universal(a)] | [universal(b)] | [universal(b)] |
| (realistic) monism | Aristotle |
|
| Hyle [eidos] |
| Abelard (1079-1142) | indivisible [universal] | |||
| Ockham (1285-1347) | indivisible [universal] | |||
| Newton (scientific theory) | point mass, matter [state] | |||
| (idealistic) dualism | Plato (Analogy of the sun) | Actual world | Idea | Idea world |
| Augustinus (354-430) | city of this world | church | City of God | |
| Anselmus (1033-1109) | (?) | [universal] | indivisible | |
| Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) | human [universal(a)] | divine [universal(b)] | Indivisible [universal(i)] |