| Dispute \[M] v.s. [D] | Monistic worldview (realism, no measurement axiom) | Dualistic worldview (idealism, measurement axiom) |
| a motion | H | Parmenides |
| b Ancient Greek | Aristotle | Plato |
| c Problem of universals | “Nominalismus” (Abelard) | “Realismus” (Anselmus) |
| d space-time | Newton (Clarke) | Leibniz |
| e quantum theory | Einstein | Bohr |
| f philosophy of science | Carnap | Quine |
| g fuzzy sets | Kalman | Zadeh |