Stages | Grammatical features | Modifiers | IEEE writers’ abstracts (IWA) | CNKI writers’ abstracts (CWA) | ||||
Raw freq. | Per 100 words | Percent | Raw freq. | Per 100 words | Percent | |||
2 | Attributive adjectives | AP/AAP | 1872 | 5.08 | 21.63% | 3869 | 4.87 | 23.68% |
3 | Participial premodifiers | PP | 463 | 1.26 | 5.35% | 756 | 0.95 | 4.63% |
That relative clauses, especially with animate head nouns | RC | 299 | 0.81 | 3.46% | 124 | 0.16 | 0.76% | |
Nouns as premodifiers | NP | 1140 | 3.09 | 13.17% | 3029 | 3.82 | 18.54% | |
Possessive nouns | PNP | 52 | 0.14 | 0.60% | 135 | 0.17 | 0.83% | |
Of phrases | OF | 807 | 2.19 | 9.33% | 2842 | 3.58 | 17.39% | |
Simple prepositional phrases other than of | PR | 1188 | 3.22 | 13.73% | 480 | 0.60 | 2.94% | |
4 | Nonfinite relative clauses: -ed | ED | 196 | 0.53 | 2.27% | 320 | 0.40 | 1.96% |
Nonfinite relative clauses: -ing | ING | 107 | 0.29 | 1.24% | 60 | 0.08 | 0.37% | |
Multiple modifiers of Attributive adjectives and nouns | ANP | 568 | 1.54 | 6.56% | 1103 | 1.39 | 6.75% | |
NNP | 301 | 0.82 | 3.48% | 884 | 1.11 | 5.41% | ||
Other multiple modifiers | 1238 | 3.36 | 14.31% | 2523 | 3.18 | 15.44% | ||
5 | Preposition + Nonfinite complement clause | PNCC | 48 | 0.13 | 0.55% | 102 | 0.13 | 0.62% |
Complement clauses controlled by nouns | CN | 30 | 0.08 | 0.35% | 22 | 0.03 | 0.13% | |
Multiple prepositional phrases, with levels of embedding | EPE | 121 | 0.33 | 1.40% | 61 | 0.08 | 0.37% | |
To-clauses | TO | 223 | 0.61 | 2.58% | 32 | 0.04 | 0.20% |