Least Squares Model

Dependent Variable: VAT Gap

Sub-sample Α

Sub-sample Β

Independent Variable

Coefficient

p-value

Coefficient

p-value

Constant

0.047

(0.044)

0.282

0.325

(0.080)

0.000

Corruption Perception Index

0.000

(0.000)

0.263

−0.002*

(0.001)

0.006

GDP per Capita

−1.17E−06*

(0.000)

0.000

−3.33E−07

(0.000)

0.677

GINI Index

0.003*

(0.001)

0.009

−0.005**

(0.002)

0.029

Shadow Economy (% GDP)

−0.264*

(0.082)

0.001

0.659*

(0.234)

0.005

Population

9.03E−11

(0.000)

0.525

5.65E−10

(0.000)

0.217

Unemployment Rate

0.0193

(0.075)

0.793

0.366*

(0.140)

0.010

R²

0.389

0.457

Adjusted R²

0.346

0.422

F-statistic

9.125

12.815

F-statistic Probability

0.000

0.000

Durbin-Watson

0.582

0.226