Random Effects Model

Dependent Variable: VAT Gap

Independent Variable

Coefficient

p-value

Constant

−0.008

(0.096)

0.935

Corruption Perception Index

−0.000

(0.001)

0.160

GDP per Capita

3.00E−08

(0.000)

0.964

GINI Index

7.61E−05

(0.002)

0.963

Shadow Economy (% GDP)

0.558**

(0.252)

0.028

Population

5.40E−10

(0.000)

0.355

Unemployment Rate

0.828*

(0.098)

0.000

R²

0.425

Adjusted R²

0.406

F-statistic

22.680

F-statistic Probability

0.000

Durbin-Watson

0.926