Generalized Method of Moments Model

Dependent Variable: VAT Gap

Sub-sample Α

Sub-sample Β

Independent Variable

Coefficient

p-value

Coefficient

p-value

Constant

0.072

(0.049)

0.140

0.304

(0.085)

0.000

Corruption Perception Index

0.000

(0.000)

0.709

−0.002*

(0.001)

0.010

GDP per Capita

−1.04E−06*

(0.000)

0.000

−6.00E−08

(0.000)

0.945

GINI Index

0.002**

(0.001)

0.043

−0.004

(0.003)

0.119

Shadow Economy (% GDP)

−0.267*

(0.089)

0.003

0.671**

(0.280)

0.018

Population

9.94E−11

(0.000)

0.519

5.26E−10

(0.000)

0.297

Unemployment Rate

−0.017

(0.083)

0.839

0.344**

(0.155)

0.029

R²

0.380

0.458

Adjusted R²

0.330

0.415

Durbin-Watson

0.634

0.235