Fixed Effects Model

Dependent Variable: VAT Gap

Sub-sample Α

Sub-sample Β

Independent Variable

Coefficient

p-value

Coefficient

p-value

Constant

−0.122

(0.196)

0.535

−0.561

(0.373)

0.135

Corruption Perception Index

0.000

(0.001)

0.462

−0.000

(0.001)

0.805

GDP per Capita

−1.40E−06

(0.000)

0.285

3.85E−06*

(0.000)

0.004

GINI Index

0.002

(0.002)

0.164

0.003

(0.003)

0.199

Shadow Economy (% GDP)

1.019

(0.929)

0.275

3.588*

(0.934)

0.000

Population

−4.96E−09

(0.000)

0.300

−2.65E−08

(0.000)

0.173

Unemployment Rate

0.449**

(0.190)

0.020

0.766*

(0.235)

0.001

R²

0.790

0.907

Adjusted R²

0.736

0.885

F-statistic

14.523

40.3061

F-statistic Probability

0.000

0.000

Durbin-Watson

1.518

1.301