Authors

Concern

Outcomes

Shin et al., (2018)

Types of resilience

1) Type I, reality harmonic type. Staffs belong to type I do not rely on other or any external factors to face workplace stressors, they using realistic coping skills such as going to break or off duty; 2) type II, own will type. Staffs belong to this type decide to continue their works with stressors and try to improve their mental health and self esteem; 3) type III, professionalism oriented type. Staffs belong to this type have a sense of accomplishment to their duties and trying to gain support from patients and families; and 4) type IV, relation oriented type. Staffs belong to this type are proud of being a nurse and gaining support from colleagues to do so.

(Cam, 2015)

Resilience internal protective variables

Resilience internal protective variables include emotional intelligence, optimism, cognitive elasticity, altruism, consciousness, creativity, being extroverted, openness, autonomy, adherence to ethical and moral principles, sense of humor, trust, coping skills, selecting resilient persons as a model, acceptance, appreciating oneself, realistic thought, positive thoughts and personality, self awareness, and control feelings.

(Cam, 2015)

Resilience external protective variables

Resilience external protective variables are classified into social and professional protective variables. Social protective factors include effective connection with family and social networks and resources. Professional protective factors include professional experience, satisfaction, being engaged, collaboration, being adaptive, positive work environment, peer support, team problem solving, being aware of workplace stressors, separate social life from job, mutual respect with team members, open discussion with colleagues, trust, and succession appreciation.

(Cam, 2017)

Resilience risk factors

Resilience risk factors include poor nursing competencies, in effective coping skills, poor team work and support, and negative expectations toward the profession.

(Mróz, 2015; Hegney, Rees, Eley, moisson, & Rees, 2015)

Importance of resilience for nurses

Nurses with high resilience levels are more satisfied, able to fight challenges and approaching life better.

(Benada & Chowdhry, 2017; Lyu, Xu, & Li, 2018)

Resilience decreases turnover, job pressure, and physical health problems, as well as it increases nurses’ happiness and career development.

(Williams et al, 2016).

Resilient nurses providing a higher quality of care to their patients.

(Ren et al., 2018)

Resilience is negatively correlated with stress, self efficacy, and restriction in using coping mechanisms.

(Ang et al., 2018

Resilience has direct negative effect on stress and burnout, and has positive effect of compassion satisfaction.

(Roberts, Johnson, & Lalonde, 2016)

Recommendations to build resilience

Breaks of providing continuous care for stressful patients, going for leave after patients dying, emotional support, and attendance to informal social meetings out of the hospital are recommended to build and maintain nurses’ resiliency.

(Yılmaz, 2017)

Three main dimensions to build resiliency in nursing: 1) personal development, focuses on developing personal skills such as cognitive ability, optimism, hope, and being engaged in educational programs; 2) workplace characteristics, prepare healthy environment that facilitate teamwork, peer support, and mentorship; 3) social network, focusing on maintaining balanced life and the development of the professional and social relationships.

(Boardman, 2016)

Building nurses’ resiliency is totally based on developing self efficacy and self regulation.

(Lyu et al., 2018)

1) Paying attention to self survival, at this point nurses need to learn self control and self protection. Self control in term of controlling unfavorable behaviors that may negatively impact his performance. Self protection in regards with the development of desired behaviors that help nurses to maintain healthy reactions to work stressors; 2) caring of clinical situations, increasing nursing adherence to the workplace by providing support and continuous feedback from both mangers and colleagues; 3) caring of patients, by increasing feeling of achievement towards the efforts that provided to patients.