Frequency of ANC attendance

Never attended

2 (18.2%)

9 (81.8%)

2.78 (1.38 - 5.17)

1 - 2 times

15 (40.5%)

22 (59.5)

8.52 (1.06 - 10.06)

3 - 4 Times

18 (16.7%)

90 (83.3%)

2.5 (0.61 - 10.30)

More than 4 times

2 (7.4%)

25 (92.6%)

Reference

Diabetes

Yes

0 (0.0%)

7 (100.0%)

No

37 (21.1%)

139 (78.9%)

Reference

Hypertension

Yes

10 (30.3%)

23 (69.7%)

1.98 (1.11 - 3.31)

2.04 (1.14 - 3.64)*

No

27 (18.0%)

123 (82.0%)

Reference

Reference

HIV status of the women

Sero-positive

4 (23.5%)

13 (76.5%)

1.24 (0.73 - 2.06)

Sero-negative

33 (19.9%)

133 (80.1%)

Reference

Urinary tract infection during pregnancy

Yes

21 (38.2%)

34 (61.8%)

4.32 (1.25 - 4.30)

4. 62 (1.56 - 4.67)**

No

16 (12.5%)

112 (87.5%)

Reference

Reference

Malaria infection during pregnancy

Yes

2 (10.5%)

17 (89.5%)

0.43

No

35 (21.3%)

129 (78.7%)

Reference

Body Mass Index (BMI) of the women

18.5 - 24.9

18 (24.7%)

55 (75.3%)

Reference

<18.5

4 (23.5%)

13 (76.5%)

0.94

25 - 29.9

10 (15.9%)

53 (84.1%)

0.58

≥30

5 (16.7%)

25 (83.3%)

0.61

Haemoglobin (HB) level of the respondents (mg/dl)

<10

3 (21.4%)

11 (78.6%)

1.08 (0.61 - 1.92)

≥10

34 (20.1%)

135 (79.9%)

Reference

Alcohol consumption during pregnancy

Yes

5 (33.3%)

10 (66.7%)

2.13 (0.56 - 8.19)

2.56 (0.68 - 9.64)*

No

32 (19.0%)

136 (81.0%)

Reference