| Instrument used | Description | Questions or categories (examples) | Remarks | Reference |
Socio-demographic variables | |||||
| Structured socio-demographic questionnaire; Study site, age, gender, ethnicity, educational level attained, socio-economic status (SEI), and religion | Socio-economic index (SEI) was constructed from commonly available household items in a typical Ugandan households, has previously been used by this (Kinyanda et al., 2011 c) | Example of items used to assess SEI; Does your household have electricity? Response: Yes/no | Has previously been used by this study group. |
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Psychiatric illness and psychosocial factors associated with physical and sexual abuse | |||||
Primary diagnosis | Review of patient clinical records by senior mental health worker | Review based on DSM-5 criteria | Question: What is the primary psychiatric diagnoses of this patient? Responses: 1 = Schizophrenia 2 = Bipolar affective disorder 3 = Recurrent Major depressive disorder |
| [36] |
Childhood trauma | Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF) | The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF) is a 28-item questionnaire that assesses childhood trauma experiences. | Example of question items: I got hit so hard by someone in my family that I had to see a doctor or go to the hospital. Responses: 1 = Never true 2 = Rarely true 3 = Sometimes true 4 = Often true 5 = Very often true |
| [41] |
Social support | Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support | 12-item questionnaire on perceptions of support received. | Example of items: There is a special person who is around when I am in need. Response: 1 = Strongly Disagree 2 = Mildly Disagree 3 = Neutral 4 = Mildly Agree 5 = Strongly Agree | Previously employed by this study group. | [42] |
Dependent Variables | |||||
Physical abuse | Obtained from the Uganda modified Life-events and histories module of the European Parasuicide Interview schedule (EPSIS I) | For each of the time periods: past adulthood (between age of 18 years to 12 months before the study); and recent adulthood (in the last 3 months before the interview), respondents were asked to indicate whether they had experienced each of 5-items related to physical victimisation. This was in relation to parent(s), siblings, or others. | Example of items: Ever seriously beaten up or otherwise physically mistreated by those responsible for your upbringing? Response: 1 = Yes 2 = No | Previously adapted to the Ugandan socio-cultural context by this study group. | [43] |
Sexual abuse | Obtained from the Uganda modified Life-events and histories module of the European Parasuicide Interview schedule (EPSIS I) | For each of the time periods: past adulthood (between age of 18 years to 12 months before the study); and recent adulthood (in the past 3 months before the interview), respondents were asked to indicate whether they had experienced each of 10-items related to sexual victimisation. This was in relation to parent(s), siblings, or others. | Example of items: Did your father or mother ever force you to have sexual intercourse against your will? Response: 1 = Yes 2 = No | Previously adapted to the Ugandan socio-cultural context by this study group. | [42] [44] |
Clinical and Behavioral Outcome Variables | |||||
Mental health stigma | The Stigma Scale | 16-items of the mental health stigma scale were used in this study. | Example of items: I have been discriminated against in education because of my mental health problems Response: 1 = Strongly Disagree 2 = Mildly Disagree 3 = Mildly Agree 4 = Strongly Agree | This tool was used for the first time in this study environment. Had a Cronbach Alpha of 0.71 | [45] |
Severity of depressive episode | Hamilton depression rating scale (HAM-D) | The HAM-D is designed to rate the severity of depression in patients. It is a 21-item scale. | Example of items used: Depressed mood (Gloomy attitude, pessimism about the future, feeling of sadness, tendency to weep) Responses: 0 = Absent 1 = Sadness, etc. 2 = Occasional weeping 3 = Frequent weeping 4 = Extreme symptoms | This tool was used for the first time by this study group. Had a Cronbach Alpha of 0.80 | [46] |
Severity of manic episode | Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) | The YMRS rates the severity of manic symptoms that the patient may be experiencing. It is an 11-item scale. The 4 items of irritability, speech, thought content, and disruptive/aggressive behaviour are rated on a scale of 0 to 8. While the remaining 7 items are rated on a scale of 0 to 4. | Example of items; Elevated mood Response: 0 = Absent 1 = Mildly or possibly increased on questioning 2 = Definite subjective elevation; optimistic, self-confident; cheerful; appropriate to content 3 = Elevated; inappropriate to content; humorous 4 = Euphoric; inappropriate laughter; singing | This tool was used for the first time by this study group. Had a Cronbach Alpha of 0.71 | [47] |
Severity of psychotic episode | Clinician-rated Dimensions of Psychosis Symptom Severity Scale (CRDPSS) | We assessed five dimensions of psychosis using this scale. These were: hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, abnormal psychomotor behavior, and negative symptoms. For each item the research assistant (psychiatric nurses/ psychiatric clinical officers) was asked to rate the severity of the symptom as experienced by the respondent during the past 7 days. | Example of items; Hallucinations Response: 0 = not present 1 = Equivocal (severity or duration not sufficient to be considered psychosis) 2 = Present, mild (little pressure to act upon voices, not very bothered by voices) 3 = Present, moderate some pressure to respond to voices, or is somewhat bothered by voices) | This tool was used for the first time by this study group. Had a Cronbach Alpha of 0.65 | [48] |
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| 4 = Present, severe (severe pressure to respond to voices, or is very bothered by voices) |
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Risky sexual behaviour | Assessed for high risk sexual behaviours that have been associated with HIV transmission in the Ugandan cultural context | 12-items on risky sexual behaviour that have been associated with HIV transmission in the Ugandan socio-cultural context. | Example of items: In the last 3 months, have you had sex with anyone other than your regular partner? Response: 1 = Yes 2 = No | Previously used in the HIV situation of Uganda by this research group. | [44] |