| Regulation-based | Non-regulation-based |
Individual-based | Concern for externalities
Substantive: Modified Utilitarism. The sum of all the affected individuals’ utility whereby the ethical judgment on trade-offs between different individuals’ utility is done by someone who is assigned the role of defining the common good. Procedural: Right-based individual procedural rights, e.g. the right to be considered fairly and equally in the planning processes. Rules are applied for the protection of these rights. | Aggregation of private interests
Substantive: Utilitarianism. The aggregate of all the affected individuals’ private utility. |
Collective-based | The good of the community determined by the public authority
Substantive: Unitary “objective” values providing a normative standard for the determination of the common good. | The good of the community determined through deliberation in the public sphere
Procedural: Dialogical interactive process seeking consensus between the stakeholders. The public interest is realized through following procedural norms and rules of public discourse. |