Primary risk factor

Secondary risk factor

Risk description

S1 Preliminary workload increased.

S1−1 Short-term workload increase.

A large amount of manpower and material resources need to be invested in the early planning, design, and construction phases of the construction project before it can be used for the management of the operation and maintenance phase, resulting in an increase in the preliminary workload.

S2 Has a long payback period and uncertain returns.

S2−1 Uncertain returns.

The long-term payback period of BIM technology investment, coupled with the high short-term investment cost of software and hardware of BIM technology, high personnel training and recruitment costs, leads to uncertain returns.

S3 Companies lack initiative in BIM applications.

S3−1 Lack of driving force for enterprise reform.

Relevant enterprises have insufficient investment in and determination to adopt BIM in the operation and maintenance stage.

S4 The overall market awareness is not mature enough, and industry experience is lacking.

S4−1 The market popularity is not high.

BIM technology is not widely used in the operation and maintenance stage, and the industry experience is insufficient, and various companies and managers recognize BIM technology. And the degree of importance is different.

S5 Employees are inadequate in using BIM and have poor initiative.

S5−1 Insufficient competence of enterprise employees. Insufficient ability of managers.

Employees are deficient in BIM knowledge and ability structure and lack relevant knowledge. Moreover, managers are accustomed to the traditional operation and maintenance work mode and avoid new technologies.

S5−2 The operator’s initiative is poor.

S6 Lack of BIM-related talents.

S6−1 Lack of BIM talents.

Lack of professionals familiar with BIM operation and maintenance management systems and platforms.

S7 Operation and maintenance phase BIM model data interoperability and poor security.

S7−1 Insufficient data security.

There is a certain degree of difficulty in model interaction between different software vendors, different stages, and different users, and it is easy to cause data loss in the process of model transfer. The storage security of BIM operation and maintenance model information of public infrastructure, and the security of data interaction is at risk.

S7−2 Model data interaction is poor.

S8 Insufficient integrity of the BIM model for operation and maintenance management.

S8−1 Insufficient model integrity.

The BIM model obtained from the previous stage cannot have all the information to satisfy the operation and maintenance.

S9 Operation and maintenance management mode change.

S9−1 The change of management mode.

From the traditional two-dimensional management mode to the use of BIM model technology for management, management personnel are not adapted to this mode.

S10 The legal responsibility of the BIM model is unknown.

S10−1 Model legal responsibility is not clear.

The ownership of the BIM model in the operation and maintenance stage is not clear, the boundary of responsibility is unclear, and the setting of disputes and confidentiality mechanisms is lacking.

S11 BIM technology is difficult and insufficient for operation and maintenance management.

S11−1 Technical applicability is not high.

BIM technology is difficult to use in the operation and maintenance stage, which is quite different from the traditional operation and maintenance management mode; the domestic BIM operation and maintenance stage software technology is immature and lacks a more mature operation and maintenance system and management platform.

S11−2 BIM is difficult to use in the operation and maintenance stage.

S11−3 The domestic BIM operation and maintenance system and management platform are insufficiently mature.