Risk factors

Risk description

Related literature sources

The market popularity is not high.

The market popularity of BIM in the operation and maintenance stage is not high, and the industry experience is insufficient

( Wang, 2015 ; Tian, 2018 ; Chen et al., 2017 ; Liu et al., 2018 )

The change of management mode.

From the traditional two-dimensional management mode to the use of BIM model technology for management, the management does not adapt to the new mode.

( Eadie et al., 2014 ; Zhang et al., 2017 ; Chen et al., 2017 ; Guo, 2015 ; Li et al., 2018 ; Zhang et al., 2016 )

Short-term workload increase.

A large amount of manpower and material resources must be invested in the early stage of the project before it can be used for the management of the operation and maintenance stage.

( Li, 2016 ; Wang, 2015 ; Guo, 2015 )

Insufficient competence of enterprise employees.

Employees have insufficient knowledge and ability structure of BIM and lack of relevant knowledge.

( Zhang et al., 2017 ; Liu et al., 2018 ; Xu et al., 2014 ; Li et al., 2018 ; Chien et al., 2014 )

The domestic BIM operation and maintenance system and management platform are insufficiently mature.

The domestic BIM operation and maintenance stage software platform is immature at this stage and cannot meet the actual requirements

( Li, 2016 ; Tian, 2018 ; Hu et al., 2018 ; Tong & Wang, 2014 ; Hu et al., 2015 )

The operator’s initiative is poor.

Enterprise employees are accustomed to the traditional work mode and avoid new technologies.

( Chen et al., 2017 ; Liu et al., 2018 ; Hu et al., 2018 ; Xu et al., 2014 ; Guo, 2015 )

Lack of driving force for enterprise reform.

Lack of investment and determination to adopt new technologies

( Li, 2016 ; Tian, 2018 ; Zhang et al., 2016 )

Uncertain returns.

Increased short-term costs, long payback periods, high short-term investment costs for BIM technology’s software and hardware, and high personnel training and recruitment costs

( Zhang et al., 2017 ; Liu et al., 2018 ; Hu et al., 2018 ; Xu et al., 2014 ; Guo, 2015 ; Li et al., 2018 )

Lack of BIM related standards.

Lack of corresponding guidelines and model delivery standards in China.

( Tian, 2018 ; Chen et al., 2017 ; Liu et al., 2018 ; Li et al., 2018 ; Feng et al., 2019 )

Model data interaction is poor.

Model interaction between different software, different stages, and different users is difficult, and it is easy to cause data loss.

( Azhar, 2011 ; Xu & Xiong, 2014 ; Xu et al., 2014 ; Guo, 2015 ; Feng et al., 2019 ; Hu et al., 2015 )

Model legal responsibility is not clear.

Lack of model rights and responsibilities at the operation and maintenance stage, unclear boundaries of responsibility, lack of disputes, and lack of confidentiality mechanisms.

( Zhang et al., 2017 ; Liu et al., 2018 ; Li et al., 2018 ; Eastman et al., 2011 ; Azhar, 2011 )

Poor social awareness.

There are differences in the recognition and importance of BIM technology by various companies and managers.

( Li, 2016 ; Chen et al., 2017 ; Zhang et al., 2016 ; Feng et al., 2019 )

Technical applicability is not high.

BIM originated from abroad, and does not match the development of China’s construction industry, and the degree of applicability is not high.

( Hu et al., 2018 ; Xu et al., 2014 ; Zhang et al., 2016 ; Xie et al., 2018 )

BIM is difficult to use in the operation and maintenance stage.

BIM technology is more difficult to use in the operation and maintenance stage, which is quite different from the traditional operation and maintenance management mode.

( Li, 2016 ; Wang, 2015 ; Hu et al., 2018 ; Xu et al., 2014 ; Guo, 2015 )

Lack of BIM talents.

Lack of talents familiar with BIM software and concepts, and lack of talents mastering BIM operation and maintenance management.

( Wang, 2015 ; Zhang et al., 2017 ; Liu et al., 2018 ; Hu et al., 2018 ; Guo, 2015 ; Ding & Wang, 2016 )

Insufficient data security.

BIM model information storage security, data interaction security, especially information security of public infrastructure.

( Zhang et al., 2017 ; Xu et al., 2014 ; Guo, 2015 ; Li et al., 2018 ; Ding & Wang, 2016 ; Feng et al., 2019 )

Insufficient ability of managers.

Managers lack BIM knowledge and ability to apply BIM technology

( Chen et al., 2017 ; Hu et al., 2018 ; Zhang et al., 2017 )