Control group (N = 109)

CBL group (N = 109)

χ²

P

Interest in learning

41%

92%

60.056

<0.001

Self-study ability

72%

75%

0.211

0.646

Logical thinking ability

30%

74%

40.618

<0.001

Innovative ability

45%

59%

3.601

0.058

Understanding of knowledge

34%

100%

104.541

<0.001

Building knowledge system

32%

100%

109.02

<0.001

Solve problems ability

58%

92%

31.515

<0.001

Improving literature retrieval ability

85%

93%

2.892

0.089

Communicating and expressing ability

62%

85%

14.682

<0.001

Improving teamwork ability

65%

76%

2.676

0.102