Bd, Fd | calculated eV | Calculation | cosmic rays | observed eV |
B8 | 1.7 × 1015 | MZ/α2 | the first knee | 3 × 1015 |
The midpoint between B8 and F9 | 2 × 1016 | Equation (6) | the first ankle | 2 × 1016 |
F9 = (high-mass tau neutrino) | 2.35 × 1017 | MZ/α3 | the second knee | 3 × 1017 |
The midpoint between F9 and B9 | 2.8 × 1018 | Equation (6) | the second ankle | 3 × 1018 |
B9 | 3.2 × 1019 | MZ/α4 | the toe | 4 × 1019 |
F10 | 4.4 × 1021 | MZ/α5 | beyond the GZK limit (5 × 1019 eV) | not observed |
B11 | 1.13 × 1028 | MZ/α8 | Plank mass for gravity | 1.22 × 1028 |