Markers

Observed change (Dysplasia VS Normal)

References

DNA

Chromosome loci:

3p, 4q, 8p, 9p, 11q, 13q, 17p

Loss of heterozygosity

(Zhang et al., 2012)

TP53 gene

Gene loci: p16, p14, MGMT, DAPK

Mutation

Hypermethylation

(Lindemann, et al., 2018)

(Carvalho et al., 2011;

Liu et al., 2012)

miRNA

miRNA-21

Overexpression

(Hung et al., 2016)

miRNA-31

Overexpression

(Hung et al., 2016)

miRNA-146a

Overexpression

(Arao et al., 2012)

miRNA-155

Overexpression

( Shi et al., 2015)

miRNA-181b

Overexpression

(Cervigne et al., 2009)

miRNA-184

Overexpression

(Zahran et al., 2015;

Cervigne et al., 2009)

miR-208b-3p

Overexpression

(Fang et al., 2019)

miRNA-345

Overexpression

(Cervigne et al., 2009)

miRNA-145

Underexpression

(Zahran et al., 2015)

miRNA-3065-5p

Underexpression

(Fang et al., 2019)

Protein

Complement factor H (CFH)

Overexpression

(Chu et al., 2019)

Fibrinogen alpha chain (FGA)

Overexpression

(Chu et al., 2019)

Alpha-1-antitrypsin (SERPINAL 1)

Overexpression

(Chu et al., 2019)

Interleukin-6 (IL-6)

Overexpression

(Khurshid et al., 2018)

Interleukin-8 (IL-8)

Overexpression

(Elashoff et al., 2012)

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

Overexpression

(Khurshid et al., 2018)

Keratin-19 fragment (CYFRA21-1)

Overexpression

(Khurshid et al., 2018;

Rajkumar et al., 2015)

p53 protein

Overexpression

(Rosa et al., 2015)

Ki-67 antigen

Overexpression

(Bienk Dias et al., 2017)

Sialic acid

Overexpression

(Joshi et al., 2010;

Dadhich et al., 2014)

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)

Overproduction

(Irimie et al., 2019;

Tvarijonaviciute et al., 2017)

Reactive nitrogen species (RNS)

Overproduction

(Metgud et al., 2015)